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Which one to use?Intermediateadverbpreposition
InsteadvsInstead of
'Instead' is an adverb and stands alone; 'instead of' is a preposition followed by a noun or gerund.
Side-by-side comparison
Instead
adverb"Instead" is an adverb that stands alone at the end of a sentence. Nothing follows it: "She didn't go; she stayed home instead".
We planned to go to the beach but it rained, so we went to the cinema instead.
He did not want coffee, so he had a glass of water instead.
The lecture was cancelled, so the professor gave us a reading list to do instead.
Instead of
preposition"Instead of" is a preposition followed by a noun or gerund. It introduces what is being set aside: "Instead of going, she stayed".
She took the bus instead of driving because she did not want to look for parking.
Try studying in a café instead of your bedroom, the change of scenery helps a lot.
He called his mum instead of sending a message and she was thrilled to hear his voice.
Common mistake
"Instead of to go" is wrong: "instead of" + gerund, never infinitive with TO. "Instead of going" is correct. And "instead" as an independent adverb takes a comma: "Instead, she called." Never "Instead of she went" (only noun/gerund/pronoun follows "instead of").
Trick to remember it
- •Does a noun or gerund (-ing) follow? "Instead of".
- •Does nothing follow? "Instead" (alone, with comma).
- •"Instead of going" vs "Instead, she went."
Quick rule
- •"Instead" = adverb (alone, no complement).
- •"Instead of" = preposition (+ noun or gerund).
- •Never "instead of to [verb]"; always gerund: "instead of [verb]-ing".
Did you know?
The distinction between INSTEAD (adverb) and INSTEAD OF (preposition) reflects a very productive grammatical pattern in English: the difference between free adverbs and prepositional phrases formed by adding OF. Other examples of the same pattern: APART (adverb: "standing apart") vs APART FROM (preposition: "apart from the cost"). OUTSIDE (adverb: "she went outside") vs OUTSIDE OF (preposition: "outside of the building"). AHEAD (adverb: "move ahead") vs AHEAD OF (preposition: "ahead of schedule"). In all these cases, the adverb functions independently, while the phrase with OF requires an object. This pattern is so consistent in English that knowing it lets you predict the behavior of many similar expressions.
Practise what you learned
Exercise 1 · Pick the right one
I didn't feel like cooking, so I ordered pizza _____.
Exercise 2 · Pick the right one
She took the bus _____ driving. There was no parking.
Exercise 3 · Form the word
Related word pairs
AlthoughvsWhereas
'Although' introduces a surprising concession; 'whereas' introduces a direct contrast between two opposing facts.
DespitevsIn spite of
'Despite' and 'in spite of' are synonyms meaning 'in spite of', but 'despite' is more concise.
No mattervsRegardless of
'No matter' is followed by an interrogative clause; 'regardless of' is followed by a noun or gerund.
AvsAn
'A' is used before consonant sounds; 'an' is used before vowel sounds.
Bryan López
Founder of SpeakUP Academy